Input Output Devices

 Input Output Devices:

What are Inputs and Outputs?

Input: Inputs are the set of instructions that are given to the computer.

Output: Output is the results that come after processing the inputs.

Difference between Output Devices and Input Devices

Some of the important input devices are –

         

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Joystick
4. Light Pen
5. Track Ball
6. Scanner
7. Digitizer A device that allows you to input drawings, sketches, and handwritten notes into a computer.
8. Microphone
9. Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR) used in banks because of a large number of cheques to be processed, The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable. The main advantages of MICR are that it is fast and less error-prone.
10. Optical Character Reader (OCR)
11. Bar Code Readers
12. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

 

Some of the important output devices are –

1. Monitors
a). LCD (Liquid crystal display)	b).LED(Light Emitting Diode)	c). OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode)
d).DLP Monitors(Digital Light Processing) DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors (standalone projection units for classrooms and businesses primarily), DLP rear projection television sets, and digital signs. It is also used in about 85% of digital cinema projection, and in additive manufacturing as a light source in some printers to cure resins into solid 3D objects.
e). TFT Monitors(thin-film-transistor)	f). Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitors	g). Plasma Screen Monitors

2. Printers:

A). Impact Printers: Impact printers create pictures and figures by hitting a device such as a wheel or a print hammer against an inked ribbon.	B). Non-Impact Printer: Non-impact printers create figures and pictures without any connection between the printing device and the paper.
i).Daisy wheel:	i).Inkjet:
ii).Dot-Matrix:	ii). Thermal:
	iii).Laser:

3. Speakers:

An output device that produces sound after receiving a command from the computer. They support the computers as well as other hardware devices. Now we also have wireless speakers with Bluetooth technology.

4. Projector:

This is an optical device that presents visuals on the screen, stationary and moving both. They are present at movie theatres, auditoriums, etc. It connects to the computer and displays the image on it on a larger screen.

5. Plotter:

It is a device to make graphics, prints and other vector images to give a real-life illustration vibe. It is mandatory to have a graphics card to use the device. The pen like device that comes with it helps in replicating the exact design on the computer.

6. Television:

A very common output device present in most of households is a display output device. It portrays video and audio files on the screen according to the user’s needs.

7. Headphones

Similar to speakers, this device has a lower sound frequency. They can’t be easily heard in large areas like grounds and parks but are only accessible to a single person using the device. A headset is another name for them.

8. Braille Reader:

Made for blind users, this device is to process computer data in braille format. It allows users with low or no vision to recognize the data as the braille reader puts data on the paper in embossed format. They can run their fingers over it to understand everything easily.

9. Global Positioning System:

A device to help users with directions, GPS uses satellite technology to track the geographical location of the users. There is a continuous latitudinal and longitudinal calculation to have an accurate result every time. Most of the vehicles and smart devices have GPS as an inbuilt feature.

      

10. Video Card:

This device goes inside the sockets of the motherboard of the computer system. It improvises the digital content appearance in other output devices. It is very important now with many people having multiple devices just for personal use.

Electronic Card Reader:

The devices used to read the cardholder and account information contained on a credit or debit card.

   

Voice Recognition Devices:

Voice recognition is the process of converting a voice into digital data.

Voice or speaker recognition is the ability of a program to identify a person based on their unique voiceprint. It works by scanning the speech and establishing a match with the desired voice fingerprint.

The development of AI opened up extensive opportunities for this subfield of computer science. It enables us to interact with machines without touching them. It is growing rapidly, and developers are finding more and more ways to apply it in various fields.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VOICE RECOGNITION AND SPEECH RECOGNITION?

It is essential to understand the differences between these two disciplines.

The purpose of voice recognition is to identify the voice owner. Speech recognition's purpose is to identify the words of the speaker. In voice recognition, the program needs a unique voiceprint of the speaker for comparison. In Speech recognition's, the program needs a huge dictionary to identify the speaker's words.

TYPES OF VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS:

Voice recognition has two categories, they are:

Text-Dependent — The system is trained to recognize predetermined voice passphrases by the speaker;

Text Independent — It doesn't require predetermined passphrases. The subject of the analysis is conversational speech.

TYPES OF SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEMS:

We can classify Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) into different categories. First of all, it relies on the speaker. From this side, two types are known, they are:

1. Speaker Dependent                                           2. Speaker Independent

Speaker Dependent — the program is trained to recognize a specific voice, similar to voice recognition. The speaker must “talk” to the program and give it the ability to analyze the voice. Such systems are easier to implement. They provide high accuracy in speech recognition;

Speaker Independent — this type of speech recognition software has wider usage. It doesn't require training to analyze the voice. The emphasis is on the speaker's word recognition. Typical examples of such programs are IVR systems.

The other method of categorization is based on how the user speaks. Those categories are:

Discrete Speech Recognition — ASR applications have used this method since the early versions. The speaker must pronounce each word separately, inserting pauses between them. With such programs, it is more difficult to work. It isn't easy to ensure the frequency of spoken words;

Continuous Speech Recognition — this is a relatively new method of ASR and requires more effort to develop. The speaker's speech rate is close to normal in this case.

In the world of voice recognition, another technology is known. It is Natural Language Processing (NLP). The task of a speech recognition system is to understand words. The task of the NLP system is to understand and answer the speaker. That is an imitation of communication between a human and a machine. NLP is close to voice/speech recognition but is based on different algorithms.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that deals with the interaction between computers and humans in natural language. It involves the use of computational techniques to process and analyze natural language data, such as text and speech, to understand the meaning behind the language.

WHY IS SPEECH RECOGNITION GOOD?

Speech recognition technology increases the productivity of the user. It captures human speech much faster than we can type. Besides, you can talk to your device when your hands are busy with other work, performing two actions simultaneously. It is essential for people with disabilities who can't use their hands. They add an extra layer of reliability from the security side because it's not easy to fake a unique voiceprint.

SPEECH RECOGNITION ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

1.     Increases the productivity of businesses;

2.     Automates the interaction between the businesses and customers;

3.     Adds an extra security level;

4.     Captures speech faster than a human can type;

5.     Helps people with disabilities;

6.     Helps control your home devices;

7.     Assists drivers with in-car ASR systems and more.

DISADVANTAGES

1.     Systems can't fully recognize speech if the speaker speaks quickly and not clearly;

2.     Large vocabularies are required to improve recognition accuracy;

3.     Each language requires separate training for ASR;

4.     Businesses can collect and use the user's voice data without their permission;

5.     Time and financial costs are high;

6.     ASR software consumes a lot of memory and requires a large amount of RAM.

SPEECH RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS

HEALTHCARE:

In medicine, speech recognition is mainly used to write patient documentation. Two different methods of the documentation process exist.

The front-end documentation is when speech is translated into text in real-time. In this case, it is more likely that the system will make a mistake. Doctors have to fix the text. So it's better to use it for taking personal notes;

The back-end documentation does the same but also attaches the recording of the speaker's voice to the text. The system provides a draft of the text so doctors can fix errors.

MILITARY:

In this area, it is primarily used for command and control over machines and devices. Voice command is much faster. In combat, this can play a key role in winning the battle.

USAGE IN EDUCATION:

Students can check their pronunciation while learning languages. It can help to avoid grammar, and punctuation errors. Writing large texts is less challenging. Students can type a large text without getting tired.

PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES:

Students with hand disabilities or blind people can write without any limitations. ASR enables them to keep up with their studies.

IN-CAR SYSTEMS:

Speech recognition in a car reduces the risk of an accident on the road. Actions such as dialing a number, and working with an MP3 player or radio are performed without taking your hands off the steering wheel.

VOICE-CONTROLLED VIDEO GAMES:

It can help you learn the game. The player needs time to memorize the game control keys. Instead, they can use voice commands.

DIFFERENT SPEECH RECOGNITION (VIRTUAL ASSISTANT) SOFTWARE

APPLE'S SIRI: This personal assistant is available only for Apple users.

AMAZON ALEXA: Amazon is shipping its smart speakers with Alexa.

MICROSOFT'S CORTANA: It is a virtual assistant by Microsoft, released in 2014. It is mainly used by Windows OS users but is also available for Android and IOS users. Cortana allows you to manage your calendar, join a meeting in Microsoft Teams, set reminders, and open apps on the computer.

GOOGLE ASSISTANT: feature of Google search, which allows users to search information using speech.

NUANCE'S DRAGON ASSISTANT AND DRAGON NATURALLY SPEAKING:

Dragon Naturally Speaking is speech recognition software developed by Nuance Communications. The company also provides a personal assistant for PCs, the Dragon Assistant.

FUTURE USES OF SPEECH RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY

The future of speech recognition is very promising. ASR systems will recognize not only the words but also the emotions of a person. Speech recognition will be applied in the fields such as the aerospace industry, home automation, robotics, telematics, and video games.

Vision Input Devices:

It’s the latest input device that can recognize the vision, and image, which appear in the range of its lens.

Computer vision is defined as a solution that leverages (uses (something) to maximum advantage) artificial intelligence (AI) to allow computers to obtain meaningful data from visual inputs such as photos and videos. The insights gained from computer vision are then used to take automated actions.

As humans, we generally spend our lives observing our surroundings using optic nerves, retinas, and the visual cortex. We gain context to differentiate between objects, gauge their distance from us and other objects, calculate their movement speed, and spot mistakes. Similarly, computer vision enables AI-powered machines to train themselves to carry out these very processes. These machines use a combination of cameras, algorithms, and data to do so.

However, unlike humans, computers do not get tired. You can train machines powered by computer vision to analyze thousands of production assets or products in minutes. This allows production plants to automate the detection of defects indiscernible (something that is difficult or impossible to perceive) to the human eye.